INTRODUCTION-UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION-UNIT-I  

UNIT-I

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Define Disaster.(May 2013)

                The term disaster owes its origin to the French word “Desastre” which is a combination of two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil star’. A disaster can be defined as “A serious disruption in the functioning of the community or a society causing wide spread material, economic, social or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”

   The National Disaster Management Act, 2005 defines disaster in the following manner:

“ Disaster means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence affecting any area, arising from natural or man-made causes, or by accident or negligence, which result in substantial loss of life or human suffering, or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of , environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping of the community of the affected area.”

             A disaster is a result from the combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk.

2. Define Hazard

            Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” The word ‘hazard’ owes its origin to the word ‘hazard’ in old French and ‘az-zahr’ in Arabic meaning ‘chance’ or ‘luck’. Hazards can be grouped into two broad categories namely Natural and Manmade

3. What do you meant by Natural hazards ?(Nov 2011)

hazards which are caused because of natural phenomena (hazards with meteorological, geological or even biological origin). Examples of natural hazards are cyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic, Landslides, floods, drought, fires.

4. What do you meant by Manmade hazards? ?(Nov 2011)

 hazards which are due to human negligence. Manmade hazards are associated with industries or energy generation facilities and include explosions, leakage of toxic waste, pollution, dam failure, wars or civil strife etc.

5. Characterisation of Hazards.

 Frequency, Duration, Speed of onset, Scope, intensity, predictability, forewarning time, controllability.

6. Explain Disaster Vs Hazard

            A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes damage, casualties and disruption. Any hazard likes  flood, earthquake or cyclone which is a triggering event along with greater vulnerability –Impact  (inadequate access to resources, sick and old people, lack of awareness etc) would lead to disaster causing greater loss to life of the victim and property. An earthquake is disastrous only when it affects people, their properties and activities. Thus, disaster occurs only when hazards and vulnerability meet

 

We can’t stop natural hazards; they are a feature of our planet. But we can stop many natural disasters.

Natural disasters are easier to prevent than many other environmental problems. Today, there is more scientific knowledge and technological know-how than ever before to predict the effects a hazard might have before it strikes. After we find out the risks of a hazard and we can often take effective actions to reduce them, e.g. replace trees in deforested areas. The cost of doing this is normally far less than the cost of clearing up after a natural disaster.

7. What is vulnerability?

            Vulnerability may be defined as “The extent to which a community, structure, services or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone area.”

Vulnerability = People + condition+Place+Time+Event

            Vulnerabilities can be categorized into physical and socio-economic vulnerability.

8. Write short notes on Physical Vulnerability.

            who and what may be damaged or destroyed by natural hazard such as earthquakes or floods. It is based on the physical condition of people and elements at risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity, location and nature of the hazard.

9. Write short notes on Social economic Vulnerability

  The degree to which a population is affected by a hazard, the socio-economic condition of the people also determines the intensity of the impact. For example, people who are poor and living in the sea coast don’t have the money to construct strong concrete houses. They are generally at risk and loose their shelters when ever there is strong wind or cyclone. Because of their poverty they too are not able to rebuild their houses.

10. Explain the Level of Disaster.

            Disaster plans identify with three basic level of disaster:

Level I: A localized multiple- casualty-disaster wherein local medical resources are available and can cater to field medical treatment, stabilization and relief work Eg; 2005 Mumbai floods

Level II: A multiple – casualty- disaster where the large number of casualties and / or lack of local medical care facilities require outside help and intervention. Eg: Bihar Floods

Level III: A mass casualty-emergency wherein local and regional resource capabilities are either exceeded or overwhelmed. Eg: The Gujarat (2001) and Kashmir (2005) earthquakes are apt examples of this.

11.Define Disaster Preparedness and Planning.(Apr 2013)

            Disaster Prepardness and planning allows us to prepare for and respond to the anticipated disruptions and potential hazards of a disaster. Disaster prepardness can help save lives and provides people with the means to cope with the situation during that critical period. Various team can, through pre-event planning, work together to help reduce injuries, loss of lives and property damage.

Prepardness and planning ensures that people cab respond to disaster safety and effectively. Preparedness means figuring out what to do if essential services breakdown, developing a plan for contingencies and putting that plan into practices

12. Discuss the term Mitigation?

Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk. The implementation of mitigation strategies can be considered a part of the recovery process if applied after a disaster occurs. Mitigative measures can be structural or non-structural. Structural measures use technological solutions, like flood levees. Non-structural measures include legislation, land-use planning (e.g. the designation of nonessential land like parks to be used as flood zones), and insurance. Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method for reducing the impact of hazards.

13.Discuss the objective of Disaster preparedness?

1.      To reduce loss of lives and property damage

2.      Prevent economic disruption

This can be achieved through

            Creating public awareness about safety from disasters

            Linking development programmes to disaster planning

            Protecting of habitations from adverse hazard impacts

            Preparing safety codes for prevention of technological hazards

            Creating a detailed database on hazard occurrences

14.Explain the components or elements in Disaster Preparedness?

            1.Early alert

            2.Identification of risk reduction micro project

            3.Vulnerability and Capability Assessment [VCA]

            4.Means of subsistence

            5. Community response and emergency plan

            6.Community first response and risk reduction brigades

15.List out the integral part of Disaster preparedness

• Synchronisation
• Public Participation
• Consolidation
• Coordination

   Training- Training materials and processes aimed at four main areas:

• Programmes aimed at educational estabilshement
• Programmes aimed at familes
• Programmes aimed at by community members
• Programmes aimed at small enterprises

16.List out the principle of Disaster planning?

ü  Prepare for a moderate sized disaster

ü  Prepare for more common types of disasters

ü  Prepare for predictiable disaster tasks

ü  Adapt to Routine Emergencies

ü  Modular Expansion

ü  Cost sharing

ü  Executing the plan

17. Define Disaster Management or Emergency Management.

             Disaster management is a process or strategy that is implemented when any type of catastrophic event takes place. Sometimes referred to as disaster recovery management, the process may be initiated when anything threatens to disrupt normal operations or puts the lives of human beings at risk. Governments on all levels as well as many businesses create some sort of disaster plan that make it possible to overcome the catastrophe and return to normal function as quickly as possible.

18.Discuss about the Disaster Management Cycle?

19. Discuss the organizational structural in Disaster Management?

International Organizational which helps during Disaster Management:

World Health Organization (WHO) - WHO deals with solely with health concerns, Its role in emergencies response as well as humanitarian advocacy in the health sector at the global, regional and country level

            International committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) – are aimed at protecting and assisting the victims of armed conflict and internal violence so as to preserve their physical integrity and their dignity and to enable them to regain their autonomy.

            International Federation of Red Cross and Red crescent Societies (IFRC) – Part of International Red cross and Red Crescent Movement, whose purpose is to prevent and alleviate human suffering, to protect life and health and ensure the dignity of human beings.

            World Food Programme(WFP) – WFP is the frontline United Nations agency mandated to combat hunger and in emergency situations, to provide food to save lives.

            United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) – UNDP’s mission is to help countries achieve sustainable human development by assisting them in development programmers in poverty eradication, employment creation and sustainable livelihoods the empowerment of women, and the protection and regeneration of the environment

            Other International Agencies – United nations High commissions for Regugees (UNHCR),United Nations Childrens Funds (UNICEF), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Organization for Migration  (IOM), The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Indian Agencies for Disaster Management

Indian Red Cross Society- Voluntary humanitarian organization with the network of Over 700 Branches

National Institute of Disaster Mgmt – Premier organization working for human resources development in the area of disaster mitigation and management at the national level.

The Planning Commission- Commission was set up by a resolution of the government of India in march 1950 in pursuance of the declared objective to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people.

National Civil Defense Orgnaization – Civil defence aims at saving life, minimizing damage to property and maintaining continuity of Industrial production in the event of a hostile attack.

Other Indian Agencies are – The bharat scouts and Guides, Indian Paramilitary forces,

20. Discuss the way to reduce the Disaste Risk?

Preparedness -This protective process embraces measures which enable governments, communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively.

Mitigation -Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster.

21. Who is called as Community?

22.What are the  goals of ISDR?

            Goals:

ü  Increase public awareness of the risks that natural, technological and environmental hazards pose to modern societies.

ü  Obtain commitment by public authorities to reduce risks to people, their livelihood, social and economic infrastructure and environmnetal resources.

ü  Engage public participation at all levels of implementation to create disaster- resistant communities through increased partnership and expanded risk reduction network at all levels.

ü  Reduce the economic and social losses of disasters as measured, for example, by Gross Domestic Product.

23. What are the  objectives of ISDR?(Nov12, 08)

ü  Stimulate research and application, provide knowledge, convey experience, build capabilities and allocate necessary resources for reducing or preventing severe and recurrent impact of hazards, for those people who are most vulnerable.

ü  Increase opportunities for organizations and multi disciplinary relationships to foster more scientific and technical contributions to the public decision-making process in matters of hazard, risk and disaster prevention

ü  Develop a more proactive interface between management of natural resources and risk reduction practices.

ü  Form a global community dedicated to making risk and disaster prevention a public value.

ü  Link risk prevention and economic competitiveness issues to enhance opportunities for greater economic partnerships

ü  Complete comprehensive risk assessments and integrate them with development plans.

ü  Develop and apply risk reduction strategies and mitigation measures with supporting arrangements and resources for disaster prevention at all levels of activity.

ü  Identify and engage designated authorities, professionals drawn from the widest possible range of expertise and community  leaders to develop increased partnership activities.

ü  Develop sustained programmes of public information and institutionalised educational components pertaining to hazards and their effects, risk management practices and disaster prevention activities, for all ages.

ü  Establish internationally and professionally agreed standards/ Methodologies for the analysis and expression of the social economic impacts of disasters on societies.

ü  Seek innovative funding mechanisms dedicated to sustained risk and disaster prevention activities.

24. Define Risk .(Apr 2013)

            Risk -Risk can be generically defined as “the probability that the actual  input variable and the outcome results amy vary from those originally estimated” Thus, risk can inherently be both positive and negative. The definition of risk involves one or more of the following:

ü  A time frame over which risks are being considered.

ü  A probability of the occurrence of one or more events, and .

ü  A measure of the consequence of those events.

25. Define Risk Mapping.

            Risk Mapping- putting risk assessment and anticipated loss on a map, Keeping the geographical location cab be described as the process of risk mapping

26. Discuss about the components of Risk Management?

Disaster Risk – Disaster Risk are a culmination of hazardousness and vulnerability that vary over seasonal to decadal time scales as well as geographically.

Risks can be managed through risk identification, risk reduction and risk transfer.

Risk Identification –Effective strategy to manage disaster risk must begin with an identification of the hazards and who is vulnerable to them. This involves information on the nature and extent of risk that characterises a particular loaction, including information on the nature of particular physical hazards obtained through hazard assessments.

Hazard Mapping and the utilisation of Geographic Information System (GIS) are among the ways in which risk information may be organised for the benefit of potential users.

Risk Reduction – Reducing risk requires that all stakeholders change their perceptions and behvaiour to place a high priority on safety in planning and development. Effective risk reduction involves mitigation measures in hazard prone developing countries. Such measures include land use planning, structural design and construction practices, and disaster warning systems.

Risk reduction may also involve overcoming the socio economic, institutional and political barriers to the adoption of effective risk reduction strategies and measures in developing countries.This may be accomplished through projects analysing the possible roles of government, non government and private sector organizations in risk reduction.

Risk sharing and Transfer –The private insurance sector contribution important funding for natural  disaster  reconstruction in developing countries, but it has made fewer inroads in the markets of developing countries. In emerging economies, the state and the individual bear much of the cost of disasters.

27. Before the Disaster	During the Disaster	After the Disaster
• Check for hazards in the home • Identify safe places in each room • Locate safe places outdoors • Ensure all family members know how to respond after an earthquake • Teach children when and how to call 9-1-1 • Have disaster supplies on • Develop an emergency communications plan in case of separation during the earthquake • Ask an out-of-state relative or friend to serve as the family contact	• If indoors: Take cover under a piece of heavy furniture or against an inside wall and stay inside • If outdoors: Move into the open, away from buildings, street lights, and utility wires and remain there until shaking stops • If in a moving vehicle: Stop quickly, stay in vehicle, move to a clear area away from buildings, trees, overpasses, or utility wires	• Be prepared for after shocks • Help injured or trapped persons and give first aid where appropriate • Listen to a battery operated radio for emergency information • Stay out of damaged buildings and return home only when authorities say it is safe

28. Discuss the principles of Disaster Management?

1.	Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of government.
	No single service or department in itself has the capability to achieve comprehensive disaster management. Each affected service or department must have a disaster management plan which is coordinated through the Disaster Management Advisory Forum.
2	Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose.
	There are limited resources available specifically for disasters, and it would be neither cost effective nor practical to have large holdings of dedicated disaster resources. However, municipalities must ensure that there is a minimum budget allocation to enable appropriate response to incidents as they arise, and to prepare for and reduce the risk of disasters occurring.
3.	Organizations should function as an extension of their core business.
	Disaster management is about the use of resources in the most effective manner. To achieve this during disasters, organizations should be employed in a manner that reflects their day-to-day role. But it should be done in a coordinated manner across all relevant organizations, so that it is multidisciplinary and multi-agency.
4.	Individuals are responsible for their own safety.
	Individuals need to be aware of the hazards that could affect their community and the counter measures, which include the Municipal Disaster Management Plan, that are in place to deal with them.
5.	Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events.
	It is easier to scale down a response than it is to scale up if arrangements have been based on incident scale events. If you are well prepared for a major disaster you will be able to respond very well to smaller incidents and emergencies, nevertheless, good multi agency responses to incidents do help in the event of a major disaster.
6.	Disaster management planning should recognise the difference between incidents and disasters.
	Incidents - e.g. fires that occur in informal settlements, floods that occur regularly, still require multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional coordination. The scale of the disaster will indicate when it is beyond the capacity of the municipality to respond, and when it needs the involvement of other agencies.
7.	Disaster management operational arrangements are additional to and do not replace incident management operational arrangements
	Single service incident management operational arrangements will need to continue, whenever practical, during disaster operations.
8.	Disaster management planning must take account of the type of physical environment and the structure of the population.
	The physical shape and size of the Municipality and the spread of population must be considered when developing counter disaster plans to ensure that appropriate prevention, preparation, response and recovery mechanisms can be put in place in a timely manner.
9.	Disaster management arrangements must recognise the involvement and potential role of non- government agencies.
	Significant skills and resources needed during disaster operations are controlled by non-government agencies. These agencies must be consulted and included in the planning process.

                  Sources:http://devplan.kzntl.gov.za/ASALGP/Resources/Documents/ASALGPhandbooks/2-principles-of-disaster.htm

29. Explain the four components and elements of disaster management.  

                  (a) Preparedness: It includes all specific measures which are taken before a disaster strikes. Such measures enable communities to cope with the effects of a disaster in a far better way.

(b) Response: In this phase the different Government and Social agencies take various measures after the disaster has taken place. Under the various relief and response measures food, clothing, and shelter are provided to those who are affected

                   (c) Recovery : Under this phase the affected people are helped to reconstruct their houses and get employment. Moreover, the center and state Governments help in carrying out the various development works like the construction of roads, bridges and schools etc.

(d) Prevention: In this phase all attempts are carried out to prevent in order to minimize the impact of any future disaster, if and when it occurs

30. List out the Man made disasters?

            Man made disasters are threats having an element of human intent, negligence, error or involve a system failure, man made disaster are a result of inadequately managed man made hazards.

 Civil disorder – is a broader term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance. Eg: riots, sabotage and other forms of crime. Although civil disorder does not necessarily escalate to a disaster in all cases.

Human stampedes – The term is applied to the sudden rush of a crowd of people, usually resulting in many injuries and death from suffocation and trampling, Human stampedes occur during religious pilgrimages and professional sporting events.

War – war is conflict, between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. warfare has destroyed entire cultures, countries and economies and has inflicted

Terrorism- Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property for purpose of intimidation, coercion or ransom. Ter

           

31. Discuss the legal provision in Disaster?

             (a)       Disaster Management Act: The States have been advised to enact Disaster Management Acts. These Acts provide for adequate powers for authorities coordinating mitigation, preparedness and response as well as for mitigation/prevention measures required to be undertaken. Two States Gujarat & Bihar, have already enacted such a law. Other States are in the process

            (b) Disaster Management Code: In line with the changed approach, the State Governments have also been advised to convert their Relief Codes into Disaster Management Codes by building into it the process necessary for drawing up disaster management and mitigation plans as well as elements of preparedness apart from response and relief.

A Committee constituted under the Executive Director, National institute of Disaster Management has drafted a Model Disaster Management Code which is being circulated to the States so as to assist them in this process.

32.Explain the principles of risk Partnership

v  The insured persons or entities

v  Primary insurers

v  Reinsures

v  Capital Markets

v  Governments/ Public authorities

Each of these parties has its own tasks and responsibilities in managing the risks arising from natural disasters.

The insured persons or entities – Householders and business owners can do a lot to reduce the risk to their property by proper maintenance and security of sensitive items like equopment, electronic installations and machinery. In industrial businesses, emergeny planning can help to prevent or minimise losses from future disasters.

          Primary Insurers – Primary Insurers have to provide and secure capacity by

v  Charging technically adequate rates

v  Applying appropriate underwriting guidelines

v  Accumulation control and portfolio management

v  Limiting their liability according to their financial strength, that is, reinsurance protection.

Reinsurers – They are often the main risk carriers in the matter of natural disaster losses, mkaing proper risk management a primary task which includes

v  Balance the risk over time and regions

v  Technical support to the clients in rating considerations and assessments of probable maximum losses (PMLs)

v  Controlling and limiting liabilities (setting cession / Occurrence limits, budgeting, retrocession)

Capital Markets – This type of alternative risk transfer(ART) must be seen as a supplement rather than a competition to reinsurance. Their function is mainly to provide additional capacity for top ranking losses.

Government – The state has to act as an insurer of the last resort for very rare, extraordinary losses and  / or uninsurable risks. The main task of the task of the state is however risk management and risk reduction by

v  Designing and enforcing land use and building regulations

v  Securing the serviceability of critical facilities and infrastructure

v  Developing emergency plans that precisely define the responsibilities and the coordination of the authorities involved.

v  Granting tax exemption for catastrophe reserves of private insurers.

33. Define the concept of alternative perspective.

A disaster is an outcome of a hazard impacting on vulnerable populations, which can be presented in the following formula:

Disaster = Hazard x Vulnerability

Thus, hazard by itself is not a disaster unless there are vulnerable populations who are unable to cope with it.

This conceptualisation is termed as the Alternative Perspective (Duryog Nivaran, 1996). This approach takes disasters as part of the normal development process, and recognises that linkages with society during the normal times are fundamental for understanding disasters. The objective of the interventions is to reduce vulnerability of people, and strengthen their capacity and to work on the social structures that make people vulnerable.

34. Define the word Terrorism.

“Terror" comes from a Latin terrere meaning "to frighten". The terror cimbricus was a panic and state of emergency in Rome in response to the approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BC

Definition for Terrorism “Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them”

-The United Nations General Assembly

35. Role of Various services agencies in Disaster Risk Reduction?

            Medical and Public Health services- Though health is a state subject under the constitution, the central governments intervention is needed in the areas of control and eradication of major communicable and non communicable diseases, national health policy formulation, medical and para medical education and international health.

            Fire fighting Services- The states and union territories administer the fire services in the country, as fire is a states subject. The ministry of Home affairs render technical advices to states and union and the central ministries on fire prevention.

            Civil Defense- Civil defense aims at saving life, minimizing damage to property and maintaining continuity of industrial production in the event of a hostile attack.

                Police-The police are entrusted with the responsibility of preventing and detecting, crime and maintaining law and order.

            Paramilitary Force- The paramilitary forces include Border security Force(BSF), Central Reserve Police force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police(ITBP), Central Industrial security force(CISF), National security Guard(NSG), Railway Protection Force(RPF)

            Defense Force- Indian Defence forces have made a significant contribution to the country in their principal roles of national defense, stability and Integration.

36. Define the role of armed force in India during Disaster management?

The Indian Armed Forces are supposed to be called upon to intervene and take on specific tasks only when the situation is beyond the capability of civil administration. In practice, the Armed Forces are the core of the government’s response capacity and tend to be the first responders of the Government of India in a major disaster. Due to their ability to organize action in adverse ground circumstances, speed of operational response and the resources and capabilities at their disposal, the Armed Forces have historically played a major role in emergency support functions such as communications, search and rescue operations, health and medical facilities, transportation, power, food and civil supplies, public works and engineering, especially in the immediate aftermath of disaster. Disaster management plans should incorporate the role expected of them so that the procedure for deploying them is smooth and quick.

37.Briefly explain about Drought?

            An abnormally dry period, when there is not enough water to support agriculture, ubran or environmental water needs, can be called a drought. Extended drought can result in deaths by starvation or disease, and can also result in wildfires.Well known historical droughts are :

            1900, India, Killing between 250,000 to 3.25 million people

            1928-30, north – west china, resulting in over 3 million deaths by famine

38.Explain the causes of Floods?

            Naturally occurring flash, river and coastal flooding from intense rainfall or innundation association with seasonal weather patterns. Human manipulation of watersheds, drainage basins and floodplains.

General Characteristics

ü  Flash floods leading to accelerated funoff, dam failures, breakdown of ice jams

ü  River floods resulting in a slow and usually seasonal building in river systems

ü  Coastal floods which are associated with tropical cyclones, tsunami waves and storm surges

39.Discuss the role of Union and state government during disaster?

            Every state govenment shall, establish a state Disaster Managment Authority for the state with such name.

(a)    The cheif Minister of the state, who shall be chairperson

(b)   Other members, not exceeding eight, to be nominated by the chairperson of the state authority

(c)    The chairperson of the state executive committee

The Power and Functions of State authority

1.      Laying down policies and plans for disaster management in the states

2.      Without prejudice to the generality of provisions contained in sub-section

a.       Lay down the state disaster management policy

b.      Approve the state plan

c.       Approve the plan prepared by the department

d.      Lay down guidelines

e.       Coordinate the implementation of the state plan

f.       Recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness

g.      Review the developments plans

h.      Review the measures being taken for mitigation, capacity building and preparedness

40.Who are the stakeholder of Disaster?

ü  Community

ü  Administration

ü  Contractor, Structural Engineer, Construction engineer, Architect, Masons

ü  Municipalities, Development Authorities….

ü  Citizens

ü  Key Institutions

ü  Emergency

ü  Response Officials.

41.Define Emergency Management.

Disaster management is a process or strategy that is implemented when any type of catastrophic event takes place. Sometimes referred to as disaster recovery management, the process may be initiated when anything threatens to disrupt normal operations or puts the lives of human beings at risk. Governments on all levels as well as many businesses create some sort of disaster plan that make it possible to overcome the catastrophe and return to normal function as quickly as possible.          

42.What is meant by World Health Organization (WHO) ?

 WHO deals with solely with health concerns, Its role in emergencies response as well as humanitarian advocacy in the health sector at the global, regional and country level.

43. What is meant by Civil disorder?

Civil disorder  is a broader term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance. Eg: riots, sabotage and other forms of crime. Although civil disorder does not necessarily escalate to a disaster in all cases.

44. What is meant Human stampedes?

 The term is applied to the sudden rush of a crowd of people, usually resulting in many injuries and death from suffocation and trampling, Human stampedes occur during religious pilgrimages and professional sporting events.

45. Write short notes on United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

 UNDP’s mission is to help countries achieve sustainable human development by assisting them in development programmers in poverty eradication, employment creation and sustainable livelihoods the empowerment of women, and the protection and regeneration of the environment.

            Other International Agencies – United nations High commissions for Regugees (UNHCR),United Nations Childrens Funds (UNICEF), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Organization for Migration  (IOM), The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

46. Write short notes on Disaster Management Act.

 The States have been advised to enact Disaster Management Acts. These Acts provide for adequate powers for authorities coordinating mitigation, preparedness and response as well as for mitigation/prevention measures required to be undertaken. Two States Gujarat & Bihar, have already enacted such a law. Other States are in the process

   48.Write short notes on Disaster Management Code.

 In line with the changed approach, the State Governments have also been advised to convert their Relief Codes into Disaster Management Codes by building into it the process necessary for drawing up disaster management and mitigation plans as well as elements of preparedness apart from response and relief.

A Committee constituted under the Executive Director, National institute of Disaster Management has drafted a Model Disaster Management Code which is being circulated to the States so as to assist them in this process.

49.   What is rehabilitation?

Rehabilitation is a treatment or treatments designed to facilitate the process of recovery from injury, illness, or disease to as normal a condition as possible. A process aimed at enabling persons with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal- physical, sensory intellectual, psychological and/or social function levels, thus providing them with tools to change their lives towards higher level of independence.

50.  Define anthropogenic disaster?

A man-made disasters are events which are caused by man, either intentionally or by accident, which that can directly or indirectly cause severe threats, either directly or indirectly to public health or well being. Because their occurrence is un predictable. Man made disaster pose an especially challenging threat which that must deal with through vigilance and proper preparedness and response. E.g. armed conflict, rioting, war.

PART-B

1. Explain about the responsibilities  and function organization on disaster preparedness.( May 2013,Nov 2012)
2.  Explain in detail regarding the goals and objectives of ISDR program.(May 2013,Nov 12)
3. What are the development plans and disaster management? Explain in detail.(Apr 2013)
4.  Mention the risk identification- risk sharing.( Nov 12)
5.  Briefly explain the principle of risk partnership.( Nov 12)
6.  Explain the disaster- development linkages
7. Discuss the various types of natural disaster and highlight the specific efforts to mitigate disaster in india. .( Nov 12)