APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION-Unit II

APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION-Unit II  

Part A

1.      What is a data Base?

A Data Base is a collection of data, typically describing the activities of one or more related organizations. A data base is composed of :

            Entities

Relations

A data base management system or DBMS is software designed to assist in maintaining and utilizing large collections of data.

2.      Why do we use a DBMS?

·         Data independence

·         Efficient data access

·         Data integrity and security

·         Data Administration

·         Concurrent access and crash recovery

·         Reduced application development time.

3.      Define Data Base Management System?

A Data base management system(DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintains, and the use of a Data Base. It allows organizations to conveniently develop Data Bases for various applications by data base administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. AA data base is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other data base objects needed by an application. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same data base.

4.      Define Decision Support system.

A decision support system (DSS) is a computer based information system that supports business or organizational decision making activity. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organizational and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance.

DSSs include Knowledge based system. A properly designed DSSs is an  interactive software based system intended to help decision makers compile usefull information from ac ombination of RAW data, Documents, Personal Knowledge, Or Business models to identify and solve problems and make decision

.

5.      What is DBMS?

DBMS is a computer software program that is designed as the means of managing all data bases that are currently installed on a system hard Drive or Network. Different types of data base management system exist, with some of them designed for the oversight and proper control of data bases that are configured for specific purposes.

6.      What is RDBMS?(May 2013, Nov 2011)

RDMS is a Relational Data Base Management System or relational DBMS. This adds the additional condition that the system supports a tabular structure for the data, with enforced relationships between the tables. This excludes the data bases that don’t support a tabular structure or don’t enforce relationships between tables.

7.      What is the difference between DBMS and RDBMS?

A DBMS has to be persistent that is it should be accessible when the program created the Data ceases to exist or even the application that created the data restarted. A DBMS also has to provide some uniform methods independent of a specific application for accessing the information that is stored.

RDBMS is a Relational DBMS. This adds the additional condition that the system supports a tabular structure for the data, with enforced relationship between the tables. This excludes the databases that don’t support a tabular structure or don’t enforce relationships between tables.

8.      What is the Management Information System?

Management information  system is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information system involves 3 primary resources: Technology, Information and people.

It’s important to recognize that while all 3 resources are key components when studying management information systems, the most important resource is people.

E.g, Decision Support systems, experts systems and executive information systems.

9.      Define Intranet. (May 2013)

An Intra net is a private computer network that uses internet protocol technology to securely share any part of on organization information or network operating system within that organization. The term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes the term refers only to the organization internal website.

10.  Define Extranet.

An Extranet is a private network that uses internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business information or operation with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An Extranet can be viewed as a part of a company’s intranet that is extended to users outside the company. It has also been described as “State of Mind” in which the internet is perceived as a way to do business with other companies as well as to sell products to customer.

11.  Define GIS.

A GIS is a system of Hardware and software used for storage, retrieval, mapping and analysis of geographic data.

12.  What is GIS?

A GIS is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, displaying geographically referenced information that is the data identified according to location. Practitioners also define a GIS as including the procedures, operating personals, and spatial data that go in to the system.

13.  What is Remote Sensing?

A remote sensing is a way of connecting and analyzing data to get information about an object without the instrument used to collect the data being in direct contact with the object.

For example, if you take a photograph of your house and on the picture you see that the house is composed of a roof, Walls and Windows, all of which appears as different colors, and then this is remote sensing.

14. Define remote sensing.

Remote sensing is defined as the technique of obtaining information about objects through the analysis of data collected by special instrument that are not in physical contact with the objects of investigation.

15. What are the uses of GIS?(Nov 2012)

GIS can be used to display spatial data and to solve problems that involve spatial factors. GIS is particularly useful for relating, integrating and analyzing information from this different themes (or layers) of spatial information. Therefore, anything that can be placed on a map is a candidate for GIS, and so the variety of uses is quite extensive.
Common uses of GIS include inventory and management of resources, crime mapping, establishing and monitoring routes, managing networks, monitoring and managing vehicles, managing properties, locating and targeting customers, locating properties that match specific criteria and managing agricultural corp data, addressing public health concerns, mapping wildfire risk and preparedness, modeling hazmat risk, first response, and mapping/monitoring/mitigating invasive species.

16. What are the uses of remote sensing?

Remote sensing has enable to mapping, studying, monitoring and management of various resources like agriculture, forestry, geology, water, ocean etc. it has further enabled monitoring of environment and thereby helping in conservation. In the last four decades it has grown as a major tool for collecting information on almost every aspect on the earth. With the availability of very high spatial resolution satellite in the recent years, the applications have multiplied. In India remote sensing has been used for various applications during the last four decades and has contributed significantly towards development.

17.  What is Trigger mechanism?

The trigger mechanism envisages that on receiving signals of a disaster happening or likely to happen, all the resources and activities required for the mitigation process are energized and activated simultaneously without loss of anytime and the management of the event is visible on the ground. The primary objective of the mechanism is to undertake immediate rescue and relief operations and stabilize the mitigation process as quickly as possible.

18. Mention the planners required for trigger mechanism.

ü  To identify disaster and the probability of their occurance.

ü  To evolve an effective signal/warning mechanism.

ü  To identify the activities.

ü  To identify the sub activities

ü  To define the level of response.

ü  To specify authorities.

ü  To determine the response time.

ü  To workout individual activity plan

ü  To have quick response.

ü  To undergo preparedness Drills

ü  To provide appropriate delegation

ü  To have alternative plans.

19. What is video teleconferencing?(Nov 2011)

The ability of businesses to be able to readily communicate with the rrest of world. Both inside and outside its industries place an integral rolew in the companies survival and success. As the world saying goes, “The Early Bird gets the worm”. In order for business to compete at the highest level, they have to keep themselves on the cutting edge of technological advancement. Typically, the more traditional approaches to business communications have been setup in such a way as to place its focus on the transferring of information.

20. What are some of the benefits to video teleconferencing?

ü  Time saving equals more time to be productive

ü  Businesses able to save big $$$ off travel expenses

ü  Shorter meetings (with less time invested, no need to stretch meetings out).

ü  Easier scheduling as a result of shorter meetings

ü  Increased connection to the outside world.

ü  Video conference has helped open the door to a whole new era in business efficiency and productivity.

21. Write short notes on  uses of databases in Disaster management.

Disaster management or emergency management is often viewed as the two ps and two Rs namely Prevention, preparedness, Response and Recovery. At each stage of this emergency management process, decision making plays a very critical role.The availability of accurate, authentic and reliable data is an essential ingredient in the decision making processThus, it has become imperative to accord the highest priority to the design and development of institutional mechanisms, which can streamline the collection, compliation, analysis, and interpretation of data and information pertaining to vulnerable areas and vulnerable communities.

This is evident in the assertion that emergency management is 10 percentage telecommunications, 20 percentage operation and 70 percentage information.

22. Discuss about the Emotional Intelligence.

            Emotional Intelligence (EI) Describes tha ability, capacity,skill or in the case of the trait EI Model, a self perceived ability, to identify, assesses and manage the emotions of ones self, of other and of groups

23.Discuss the Trends in Disaster Information Provider?

Various types of information provider helps brings historical events

ü  Relational Database Management sytems(RDBMS)

ü  Management Informationsystem(MIS)

ü  Decision Support System(DSS)

ü  Expert System

ü  Geographic Information system(GIS)

ü  Intranets

ü  Distance Education and Training

24. Explain the role of RDBMS in Disaster.

The databases can be compiled using Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) so that it will be possible to subject this database to queries for more informed decision making. It is also possible to interface such an RDBMS to a Geographic information system (GIS) of the area, which will act as a front end so that scenario analysis results can be stimulated to see the options on the GIS. Such systems can also support forecasting and predictive models,especially if time series data sets are available for such areas and communities.

25. Discuss the GEO Informatics?

Geoinformatics has been described as "the science and technology dealing with the structure and character of spatial information, its capture, its classification and qualification, its storage, processing, portrayal and dissemination, including the infrastructure necessary to secure optimal use of this information

In others words, the art, science or technology dealing with the acquisition, storage, processing production, presentation and dissemination of geoinformation

26. Give various branch in Geo Informatics .

ü  Cartography

ü  Geodesy

ü  GIS

ü  Remote Sensing

ü  Global Navigation satellite

27. Application of geo informatics.

Many fields benefit from geoinformatics, including urban planning and land use management, in-car navigation systems, virtual globes, public health, local and national gazetteer management, environmental modeling and analysis, military, transport network planning and management, agriculture, meteorology and climate change, oceanography and coupled ocean and atmosphere modelling, business location planning, architecture and archeological reconstruction, telecommunications, criminology and crime simulation, aviation and maritime transport

28. Explain the uses of databases in Disaster management?

Disaster management or emergency management is often viewed as the two ps and two Rs namely Prevention, preparedness, Response and Recovery. At each stage of this emergency management process, decision making plays a very critical role.The availability of accurate, authentic and reliable data is an essential ingredient in the decision making processThus, it has become imperative to accord the highest priority to the design and development of institutional mechanisms, which can streamline the collection, compliation, analysis, and interpretation of data and information pertaining to vulnerable areas and vulnerable communities.

This is evident in the assertion that emergency management is 10 percentage telecommunications, 20 percentage operation and 70 percentage information.

29. Discuss about the Emotional Intelligence.

            Emotional Intelligence (EI) Describes tha ability, capacity,skill or in the case of the trait EI Model, a self perceived ability, to identify, assesses and manage the emotions of ones self, of other and of groups

30.Discuss the Trends in Disaster Information Provider.

Various types of information provider helps brings historical events

ü  Relational Database Management sytems(RDBMS)

ü  Management Informationsystem(MIS)

ü  Decision Support System(DSS)

ü  Expert System

ü  Geographic Information system(GIS)

ü  Intranets

ü  Distance Education and Training

31. Explain the role of RDBMS in Disaster.

The databases can be compiled using Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) so that it will be possible to subject this database to queries for more informed decision making. It is also possible to interface such an RDBMS to a Geographic information system (GIS) of the area, which will act as a front end so that scenario analysis results can be stimulated to see the options on the GIS. Such systems can also support forecasting and predictive models,especially if time series data sets are available for such areas and communities.

32. Write short notes on  Laser Scanner.

            In recent years a new category of instruments has been introduced in the field of surveying. These instruments can acquire portions of land and objects of various shapes and sizes in quick, cheap and safe way. These instruments, based on laser technology, are commonly known as terrestrial laser scanners.

            While laser scanner instruments based on the triangulation principle and with high degrees of precision ( less than 1 MN) have been widely used since 80’s TOF (Time of Flight) Instruments have only been developed for metric survey applications in the last 5 years.

            TOF technology based laser scanners can be considered as highly automated topographic total stations. They are usually made up of a laser and of a set of mechanisms that allow the laser beam to be directed in space, according to the object that is being surveyed.

            The distance between the centre of the instrument and a generic point is measured, on a known direction, therefore the X,Y and Z coordinates of the measured point can be computed for each recorded distance-direction.

 33.Mention the Uses of  Laser scanning.

ü  Topography and Mine surverys

ü  Architecture and Building surverys

ü  Archaeology and cultural heritage surverys

ü  Monitoring and Civil engineering

ü  City modeling

ü  Tunnel surveys

ü  Virtual Reality

34. Discuss the Role of Electronic Warning system?

            Electronic warning system which helps to collect, store, analyze the historical hazards events, for reducing the disaster risk reduction.

            The Role of EWS helps to

ü  Collect the data which are related to hazard

ü  Hazard Mapping

ü  Helps to decision making, policy analysis and Problem   solving during emergency

ü  Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Recovery

ü  Decision making based on accurate, authentic and reliable data.

35.Explain the Remote Sensing Technology.

The Earth observation using satellite remote sensing technique has made it possible to

obtain uniform data covering the whole globe in a relatively short time, and has also made it possible for these observations to be continued for a long time in the future.

The two main components of the space-based sub-system of the EOS, Polar- Orbiting and Geostationary, continue to improve with every new launch. Geostationary satellites orbit the earth with the earth’s rotation so that they observe the same point on the Earth continuously, but from a much higher altitude approaching 36,000 km.

Few of the many agencies receiving/distributing the data from the above listed satellites are:

I) Radar Sat International (RSI), Canada;

II) Canada Center for Remote Sensing, Canada;

III) Center for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP), Singapore;

IV) EROS Data Center (EDC), USA;

V) Space Imaging, USA;

VI) SPOT Imaging, France; and

VII) National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), India

36. Define Management Information systems (MIS).

 The management information system for disaster management brings together data and information so that policy analysis and problem solving exercises can be carried out for more informed decision making. All aspects of disaster management like search and rescue, evacuation, preparedness, prevention, rehabilitation and recovery can be carried out using the MIS approach.

It is possible to analysis the damage caused by disasters and the impact of disasters by designing and developing comprehensive MIS for disaster prone areas.

37. Define Decision Support system (DSS) .

 Decision Support System are value added extensions of the MIS, which facilitate more informed decision making, problem solving and policy analysis. In a specialised field like disaster management, DSS can play a very significant role for more effective, efficient and faster decision making.These can also provide linkages to predictive and forecasting models for carrying out simulation modelling and scenario analysis.

38. Define Knowledge Bases System .

 There are thousand of websites on the internet, which provide information on various specialised fields of disaster managment. A knowledge base on earthquake will bring together all scientific and technical information on earthquakes, including case studies onsome of the major earthquakes. If such knowledge bases are available with a glossary of terms, frequently asked questions, multi media content, etc., on a few powerful servers in differnet specialised institutions in different parts of the world, anybody from anywhere in the world can log on to the internet and visit the site where the server is located for making specific queries. These knowledge bases can be periodically updated.

39. Discuss about the Early earning system?

           

Early Warning system at Meteorological Dept is the legal entity for issuing a Tsunami early warning in the country, Receive data from GSMB, NARA and early warning centers in foreign countries, Analyze data and disseminate early warning message to the community

Issue warning through Telephones, Radio, Television channels, Police and military communication systems.

Early Warning system depends on – Land Telephone, Mobile Telephone, Radio communication

40.Explain about the GIS technology.

            According  to Dale and McLaughlin (1988), Geographic Information System is a system of Capturing, Storing, checking, Intergrating, analysing and displaying data about the earth that is spatially referenced. In other words of Cowen (1988),  GIS  decision support systems involving the integration of spatial reference data in a problem-solving environment. GIS can be used for risk monitoring, risk assessment and Vulnerability analysis, risk mapping, risk modeling and public awareness and dissemination.

            These systems apply remote sensing, GIS Photogrammetry, topographical surveys, urban survey and town planning, geology, hydrology, geomorphology, traffic and transport engineering, land use pattern, rainfall pattern, drainage pattern, etc.,

42.Define Trigger Mechanism.

            The trigger mechanism envisages that on receiving signals of a disaster happening or likely to happen, all the resources and activities required for the mitigation process are energised and activated simultaneously without loss of any time and the  management of the event is visible on the ground. The Primary objective of the trigger mechanism is to undertake immediate rescue and relief operations and stabilise the mitigation process as quickly as possible

43.Mention the  Trigger mechanism requires the planners.

• To identify disasters and the probability of their occurence
• To evolve an effective signal / warning mechanism
• To identify the activities
• To identify the sub activities
• To define the level of response
• To specify authorities
• To determine the response time
• To work out individual activity plans
• To have quick response team (QRT)
• To undergo preparedness drills
• To provide appropriate delegations.
• To have alternative plan.

44.List some advantages of video teleconferencing system.

ü  No time constraint

ü  Save time and money.

ü  Sharing information is easy

ü  Facilities Long – distance programs

45. List some disadvantages of video teleconferencing system.

ü  Technical problem.

ü  Lack of personal interaction

ü  High coast of set up.

46. What is meant by data security?

It ensure that data can be accessed by the “authorized users”.

Data can be accessed by another users unless the owner gives explicit permissions.

47. What is meant by data integrity?

It implements relse to maintain integrity of the data.

Three integrity rules:

ü  Domain

ü  Entity

ü  Referential

48. Mention the types of data model.

ü  Hierarchical

ü  Network

ü  Relational models.

            49. What is meant by data recovery?

DBMS recovers the data in the event of failure .

Eg: If data on the disk is completely lost, due to disk failure – data can be retrieved.

50.List some DBMS software

ü  Microsoft Access

ü  Microsoft SQL

ü  ORACLE

ü  SQL

ü  IBM

ü  File maker

ü  Extreme DB

ü  Open office base.

PART B

1. Explain about the Geographical Information system.(May 2013,2011,12)
2. Explain about the  remote sensing. .(May 2013,2011)
3. Explain the planners required for trigger mechanism in detail.
4. Explain the applications of various technologies.(May 2013,2012,2011)

Ø  Data Bases

Ø  RDBMS

Ø  Management Information System

Ø  Decision support system and other system

Ø  Geographic Information System

Ø  Intranet and extranet

Ø  Video teleconferencing

5. Explain an insight and contribution of remote sensing and GIS case study?(Nov 2012)
6. Why do we need a DBMS? Explain in detail.
7. Why do we need a RDBMS? Explain in detail.
8. Why a disaster technology database is necessary? Explain in detail.
9. Write short notes on data acquisition techniques.(Nov 2011).
10. Describe the decision support system recording disaster management.(Nov 2012)