ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTION BANK: DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ON DISASTER-UNIT-IV

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ON DISASTER-UNIT-IV

PART - A

1. Define Disaster Preparedness?

The Objectives of the disaster preparedness is to ensure that appropriate systems , Procedures and Resources are in place to provide prompt, effectives assistances to disaster victims, thus facilitating reliefs measures and rehabilitation services.

2. What is meant by preparedness?

Preparedness and focuses on plans to respond to a disaster threat or occurrence. It takes into account an estimation of emergency needs and identifies the resources to meet these needs. It also involves preparation of well-designed plans to structure the entire post-disaster response, and familiarizing the stakeholders, particularly the communities through training and simulation exercises. Preparedness has to be supported by the necessary legislation. Means a readiness to cope with disasters or similar emergencies which cannot be avoided.

3. Disaster preparedness is an ongoing, multi-sectoral activity why?

To carry out the following activities

· Evaluate the risk of the country or particular region to disasters.

· Adopt standards and regulations.

· Organize communication, information and warning systema.

· Ensure coordination and response mechanisms.

· Adopt measures to ensures that financial and other resoureses are available for increased readiness and can be mobilized in disaster situations.

· Develop public education programs.

· Co-ordinates information sessions with new media.

· Organize disaster simulations exercises that test response mechanisms.

4. What is disaster?

Any event that causes disruptions to company operations or business functions for a periods beyond the maximum.

5. What is at risk?

· Employees

· Workspace

· Equipment and inventory

· Information

· Work aids – computers

· Customer service

· Company image

6. What is Risk Identification?

Identify the risks:

· Fire

· Floods

· EQ

· Winds,hurricane,tornado…..

· Winterstorm,ice storm,snow storm

· Collapse

· Land slide

· Hazardous materials

7. How are Risk Identified?

Man made risks

· Terrorist threats

· Regional utility outage

· Labour disputes

· Riot or civil disturbance

· Hazardous chemical spill

· Nuclear accident

· Contamination

8. What are the Important Components of Preparedness Plan?(Nov 2012)

Generally community preparedness depends upon following four major components

· Population characteristics (number of children, squatter settlement etc)

· Building and critical infrastructure such as road, drinking water, communication network, health and sanitation.

· Physical environment.

· Social environment (social groups)

9. Mention the Components of Community Preparedness Plan?

Several previous attempts have been made by researchers to measure community preparedness within various indicators. Some of the important components of measuring preparedness is given below.

1. Physical Safety

2. Hazard awareness

3. Organization preparedness

4. Infrastructure and services

5. Recovery ability

6. Physical environment

7. Social capital

8. Psychological preparedness

9. Cultural capital

10. Household preparedness.

10. What are the Components of Administrative Preparedness?

Administrative preparedness is also an important component which helps in reducing reliefs and response time in a disasters situation. Preparedness plan is based on below-given components.

1. Operations readiness of facilities , equipment store in advances.

2. Maintaining response invenyory of equipments and materials requireds for response.

3. Assignment of responsibilities to agencies and organizations.

4. Managements training of crises group members , desk officers and officers of respective departments likely to be assigned management duties.

5. Specialized trainings of district committee members , officials , community organizations through seminars and workshops.

6. Trainings of taskforces.

7. Raisings community awareness.

8. Improving response mechanisms through conducting practice drills etc.

9. Annual updating of states , districts and community level plans.

11. What is meant by Administrative Preparedness?

Administrative preparedness is also an important component which helps in reducing reliefs and response time in a disasters situation.

12 . What are the community awareness available through community preparedness planning?

The hazards and risks analysis of the state indicates that there is a high need of community awareness through public awareness programmes on the following themes of disaster.

1. Types of disasters and basic do’s and don’t.

2. Post disaster epidemic problems

3. Construction and retrofitting techniques for disaster resistant buildings.

4. Communication of possible risks based vulnerable area in the district.

5. Evacuation related schemes community preparedness problems.

6. Non-structurals mitigations measures.

13.Define disaster mitigation.

Disaster mitigation focuses on the hazards that causes the disaster and tries to eliminates or drastically reduces its direct effects . The best example of mitigations is the constructions of dams to prevent floods or co-ordinates of releases of water from various irrigations dams to avoid flooding in the downstream area. Other example includes strengthening buildings to make them earthquake resistant , planning of crops that are less affected by disasters , controlling land-use patterns to destruct –development in hand-risks areas and diversifications of economics activities to act as insurance to offsets losses in different sectors.

14. What are the main elements of mitigation strategy?

The main elements of mitigation strategy which can further broadly divided into non structural and structural mitigation measures are:

· Risk assessment and vulnerability analysis.

· Applied research and technology transfer.

· Public awareness and training.

· Institutional mechanism.

· Incentives and resources for mitigation.

· Land use planning and regulation.

15. How are the capacity building and awareness generated?

Strategies:

· Increase public awareness through mass media campaigns.

· Developments of information, education and communication material.

· Including the subject of disaster risk management in the syllabi of different courses.

· Sensitization of officers from the administrations, ministry of education, ministry of disaster management, delhi police, delhi fire service, delhi jal board, delhi vidyut board, mahanagar telecom nigam limited. And all other parallel agencies.

16. What is a financial arrangement?(may 2012,Nov 2011)

The policy arrangements for meeting relief expenditure related to natural disasters are, by and large, based on the recommendation of successive finance commissions. The two main windows presently open for meeting such expenditure are the Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) and National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF). The calamity relief fund is used for meeting the expenditure for providing immediate relief to the victims of cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm. Expenditure on restoration of damaged capital works should ordinarily be met from the normal budgetary heads, except when it is to be incurred as part of providing immediate relief, such as restoration drinking water sources or provision of shelters etc., or restoration of communication link for facilitating relief operations.

17. Discuss about the Natural Disaster Relief Act (NDRA).

The natural disaster relief act (NDRA) 1982, and its subsequent ammendments can be taken as a departure in the state policy aimed at addressing disaster related issues in a systematic way. The Act definesd the term natural disaster to include earthquake, fires, storms, floods, landslides, heavy rains, drought, famine, epidemics and similar natural disasters. It also takes into account indusrtial disasters such as accidents caused by explosions, poisoning and other kinds of catastrophies.

The Act also defines Natural Disaster Relief work as any relief work to be carried out in the area affected or likely to be affected by natural disasters in order to remove the grief and inconvenience caused to the people, to rehabilitate the victims of the natural disasters, to protect lives and public as well as private properties, to control or at least minimise the impact of the natural disaster and to make advance preparation.

18.Discuss about the financial arrangements for disaster plan.(Nov 2013,Nov 2011)

Realisation of addressing the issue of disaster in the macro development planning since long, resources have not been properly allocated for employing in this area. This issue has not been treated as a priority until now. For effecting immediate relief, there is the provision of central disaster relief fund at the center and the district relief fund at the district level. The central fund is controlled and operated by the department of narcotics control and disaster management whereas the district fund is controlled and operated by the District Disaster Relief Committee.

The Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC) has formulated certain norms and standards for the relief assistance of disaster victims. The District committee provides relief assistance to the affected population as per these norms. Sectoral ministries are entrusted the responsibility of further reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes.

19. How to plan for disaster preparedness?(Nov 2012)

Various measures related to Institutional arrangements, legal framework, geological, hydrological, and meterological hazard assessment, environmental engineering, infrastructure specific and hazard specific preparedness measures, measures to strengthen firefighting capability, training, establishment of disaster management infomation as well as stockpiling the emergency supply.

Response: Evacuation, search, and rescue, communication and transport, temporary settlement, health, nutrition and sanitation form the major concerns in this area.

Rehabilitation: Mainly address sustainable reconstruction and income generating activities.

Mitigation: It involves forming a mitigation cell in every key organisation, formulating a building code and a national land use and land cover plan.

20. What are the areas want to improve in Natural Disaster Relief Act 1982?

ü Disaster Management activities are quite comprehensive and need the cooperation and participation of multiple actors. The Natural disaster relief Act, 1982, has been introduced since long and now the time has come to review it for accomdating newly emerging issues related to disaster.

ü It is felt that the definition of disaster itself is necessary to be reviewed and changed. There is immediate necessity of adopting the bylaws. The power and functions delegated to the district committee is very insufficient and need to be thoroughly revised.

ü The national action plan on disaster, which was adopted in 1996, needs to be overviewed and appraised. A number of action strategies already included in the action plan have not yet been adopted and this calls for a serious and sincere approach from all those involved to effect timely execution of the plan.

ü The institutional infrastructure for disaster management need to be strengthened. The newly born institutions such as the department of disaster management and other specialised as well as allied institutions are to be streamlined, strengthened, and made capable of handling the issue they address in an effective manner.

ü The basic philosophy of disaster managment is to make people aware of and be prepared for possible disaster thereby reducing the risk of hazard.

ü Disaster affect all the people of an area, but the most seriously affected people are the disabled, children and women. Special care needs to be taken for protecting such vulnerable sections of the society.

ü Search, rescue and evacuation are the other areas which require thorough overhauling. It is necessary to identify the proper agencies to be involved and to equip them adequately. Supply of necessary equipment as well as the arrangement for appropriate training is highly desired.

ü Proper communication and transport at the time of emergency is vital to emergency response.

ü Arranging for temporary shelters to the victims as well as providing them timely medical care is another challenge faced by the country.

21. Discuss about the community risk perception

Risk perception is extremely situational and differs from individual to individual at the community level.

Characteristics

i. Perception varies from person to person

ii. People take risks because of non availability of choice

iii. People make decisions only at the eleventh hour of disaster

iv. People leave carrying the valuables

v. Community people even goverment never thinks of a disasater, which may occur in the next 5 years and media focus on the issues, are rare

vi. Some communities are more vulnerable than others.

22. Discuss about the various factors that gives vulnerable areas in community risk?

The following factors engender vulnerable areas and human inhabitation of such areas:

i. No/ inadequate disaster warning and poor response from community

ii. Ruined natural protection measures

iii. No Information base on disasters

iv. Production/ seasonality not maintained

v. Self help capacity not improved

vi. Regulation not in force

vii. Inadequate community contingency plan

viii.Lack of political willingnewessw

23. List out the important area for community responsibility.(Nov 2012)

Habitation in vulnerable areas : In rural villages or urban slums, the dwellers have problems of housing, drinking water, health, hygience, etc., similarly in coastal areas fishermen folk and farmers, live in vulnerable areas due to the fertile landmass, assured fishing and highly profit oriented prawn culture.

Warning measures and Community : Science and technology has helped manking in forecasting the potential disaster and weather forecast. In order to generate better

i. monitor the warning through constant watch of the media.

ii. Form and make responsible community based information groups on warning.

iii. Be regularly informed about the recent warnings from local police stations

iv. Effect appropriate dissemination mechanisms.

Natural Protection Measures : Forest cutting, destruction of mangroves and other wind brakes have been a threat to the ecosystem in most of the developing countries in the coast. To protect the natural, the following must be encourged:

i. Protect mangroves in the coast line and the forest

ii. Protect river mouths from silt deposit to allow better drainage of flood water.

iii. Take joint forest mangement programmes in the region and increase plantation in house hold

iv. Negotiate with the industrial houses on environment protection package.

Reduction Measures ; Reduction in impact of disaster on the victims is the end result of preparedness. In disaster reduction the most vulnerable sections like women, pregnant women, childern, aged, handicaps are most vulnerable.

Political willingness : Security of life, food and shelter to its citizen is the primary duty and responsibility of the government.Relief materials, money, and manpower can not bring solutions unless permanent efforts are made for the disasters. It can be only achieved if there is political willingness.

Capacity Building: Improving the human capacity to manage stress, panic and fearfulness can have impact in reducing the vulnerability. In the community, the less capable are women, children, the aged and the handicapped. They are vulnerable because of less physical strength and lack of information. In the community based disaster management programmes it is desired to form women groups and organize discussions, training and exercise and competitions to improve their capacity in the following areas.

ü Disaster preparedness training and role in the pre, during and post disaster stages

ü Search and rescue operations

ü First aid and home nursing

Community need assessment involves understanding and improving knowledge on community Based disaster management methods such as:

ü PRA techniques

ü Risk assessment

ü Questionnarie

ü Meeting with occupational groups, women and other vulnerable sections.

24.Discuss about the features of community based disaster Management approach.

Some key featurer of the community based approach to disaster managment and risk reduction are as below:

Vulnerability casues disasters- it defines a disater event as the manifestation of an interaction between an extreme physical or natural phenomena and a vulnerable human group. A disaster occyrs when a hazard strikes a vulnerable community or group whose inherent capactiy to withstand or cope with its adverse effects and impacts is not enough.

Indigenous knowledge and local capacities – It recognises peoples existing capacities and aims to strengthen these. Despitse people’s vulnerability, they still have capacities and are not completely helpless in times of disaster.

People empowerment – It accepts that disaster managment is primarily the concern of the victims. Therfore their participation and empowering them are essential. People myst be involved and should be encouraged to participate fully in all aspects of the process to bring about the development.

Context specificity – The community based approach opts for specific actions depending on the situations and the community in question. It largely depends on the kind of hazards that the community has to cope up with and what preparedness and mitigation measures they need to undertake.

No quick fixes – The community based disaster response framework considers capacity building as a long term process, adn this is not always compatibvle with the project based funding principles of most donors. Donors release funds according to a particular disaster stage for administrative or political convenience.

Puts premium on organizing communities – organizational and social support networks are the most crucial coping mechanisms people rely on in times of crisis and emergency. They make for not only sharing food, farm animals, farm tools or other resources, but also for coordinating decision making and managing community wide activities, organizing evacuations and monitoring emergency response.

25. List out the Emergency Response.(Nov 2011)

Search and Rescue – Organised communities with a functional disaster response committee can benefit from the presence of a community based search and rescue team. It is essential that the search and rescue team formulates its counter disaster plan and practice rescue maneuvers.

Relief Delivery – The establishment of a local level relief goods warehouse and an organisational arrangement to collect, store, maintain and distribute relief could help mitigate the impact of a hazard on local people. Standard relief itmes could be stored in advance.

Improving the quality of public relief – Costs of relief with sustainable developement allocations is help to recover from disaster. For example: Money spent on plastic sheets to cover dameaged roofs means less money is allocated to build new homes for the homeless. Repeated relief allocation and use have not brought about region wide imporvement in the quality and standards of relief in the voluntary sectors.

Evacuation centre management – Evacuees gather from different places and often have to share a common evacuation centre. This can lead to chaotic and unhealthy conditions i no management system is put in place.

Mobilisation of the less vulnerable sectors – Linking the vulnerable communities with the less vulnerable sectors can also be very useful strategy to reduce peoples vulnerability.The less vulnerable groups get the opportunity to participate in the development endeavrs fot the vulnerable sectors.

26. Describe about the function of Community Disaster response organization (CO)

The following are the main activities of a functional CO:

· Design and share counter disaster plan with all community members

· Monitor disaster threats, conduct drills, and draw lessons to improve the counter disaster plan

· Networking and coordination with the local governement, political and religious parties, NGOs and other groups

· Mobilise resources for disaster management from outside the community

· Issue warning and Manage evacuation

· Involve community members in search and rescue

· Conduct damage, needs and capacity assessment (DNCA) and report to disater agencies for assistance

· Coordinate, plan, and implement relief delivery operations with aid agencies

· Advocacy / lobbying regarding disaster response related issue

· Facilitate the identification, selection, and implementation of disaster response activities with the community.

27. Discuss the advantages of Community participation.

· Systematic identification of problems

· Innovative ideas/ solution

· Motivated participation

· Sense of belonging

· Less expensive decision making

· Better utilisation of local resources

· Faster communication

· Participatory decision at local level

· Effective and speedy monitoring

· Cost effectiveness

· Less dependence on the government

· Involvement of all classes in the local community.

28.List out the the way to measure the community participation

Community participation can be measured through the following ways in which it manifest:

· Resource mobilistaion / utilisation

· Awareness

· Values and beliefs promoting cooperation

· Type of socio- economic structure

· Economic status of the people

· Locus of decision making

· Benefits and distribution

· Legal factors

· Policy related factors

· Political pressures.

29. What are the area need to be looked into for the purpose of community preparedness.

· Assessment of the devastation caused by a disaster on the basis of experience

· Establishment of the warning and communication systems

· Arrangements for search, rescue and evacuation

· Supply of emergency drugs and food

· Temporaty shelters and its managment

· Planning for rehabilitation and reconstruction

30.Discuss about the characteristics of community prepardness.

· The plan envisaged should be definite and target oriented

· Activities should be vividly descriptive and continuous

· Responsibilities and duties musst be specifically descrided

· The plan must be envisaged in harmony with the ideals

· Objective goals and aspirations of the community.

31. What do you meant by Habitation in vulnerable areas?

32. What do you meant by Warning measures and Community?

Warning measures and Community : Science and technology has helped mankind in forecasting the potential disaster and weather forecast. In order to generate better

i. Monitor the warning through constant watch of the media.

ii. Form and make responsible community based information groups on warning.

iii. Be regularly informed about the recent warnings from local police stations

iv. Effect appropriate dissemination mechanisms.

33. What is meant by Natural Protection Measures?

i. Protect mangroves in the coast line and the forest

ii. Protect river mouths from silt deposit to allow better drainage of flood water.

iii. Take joint forest management programmes in the region and increase plantation in house hold

iv. Negotiate with the industrial houses on environment protection package.

34. What is meant by Reduction Measures?

35. What is meant by Political willingness?

36. What is meant by Capacity Building?

ü Disaster preparedness training and role in the pre, during and post disaster stages

ü Search and rescue operations

ü First aid and home nursing

37. Mention some community based disaster management methods.

ü PRA techniques

ü Risk assessment

ü Questionnarie

ü Meeting with occupational groups, women and other vulnerable sections.

38.Define Vulnerability casues disasters.

Vulnerability casues disasters- It defines a disater event as the manifestation of an interaction between an extreme physical or natural phenomena and a vulnerable human group. A disaster occyrs when a hazard strikes a vulnerable community or group whose inherent capactiy to withstand or cope with its adverse effects and impacts is not enough.

39. What is meant by Indigenous knowledge and local capacities?

40.What is meant by People empowerment?

People empowerment – It accepts that disaster managment is primarily the concern of the victims. Therefore their participation and empowering them are essential. People myst be involved and should be encouraged to participate fully in all aspects of the process to bring about the development.

41.What is meant by Context specificity?

42.What is meant by No quick fixes?

No quick fixes – The community based disaster response framework considers capacity building as a long term process, and this is not always compatible with the project based funding principles of most donors. Donors release funds according to a particular disaster stage for administrative or political convenience.

43. What is meant by puts premium on organizing communities?

What is meant by Search and Rescue?

45.What is meant by Relief Delivery?

46. What is meant by Improving the quality of public relief?

47.What is meant by Evacuation centre management?

48.What is meant by Mobilisation of the less vulnerable sectors?

Mobilisation of the less vulnerable sectors – Linking the vulnerable communities with the less vulnerable sectors can also be very useful strategy to reduce peoples vulnerability. The less vulnerable groups get the opportunity to participate in the development endeavors for the vulnerable sectors.

49.Write short notes on CNDRC.

PART-B

1. What is meant by disaster preparedness? Explain in detail.

2. Mention the components of community preparedness plan.(Nov 2011)

3. What are the components of administrative preparedness? Explain in detail.

4. How are the capacity buildings and awareness generated? Explain in detail.

5. What is the disaster? Explain a case study on disaster.

6. Explain the role of disaster management policies on community.(May 2013)

7. Enumerate the detailed development plan for the development of disaster management.(May 2013,2011)

8. Explain the legal / financial problems the management has to face if safely measures taken by them are found to be adequate.(Nov 2011).

9. Discuss about emergency response.(Nov 2011)

ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTION BANK

Tuesday, 25 February 2014

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ON DISASTER-UNIT-IV

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