DS & OOPS & EC-1

    DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

                                                            II-ECE DS&OOPS 

QUESTION BANK 2 MARK QUESTION

1.What is Inheritance?

The mechanism of deriving new class from an old one is called inheritance. The new class created is called as derived class or sub class and the old class is called as Base class or super class.

2.What is public Inheritance?

When a derived class publicly inherits the base class,all the public members of the base class also becomes public to the derived class and the objects of the derived class can access the public members of the base class.

3.What is private Inheritance?

When a derived class publicly inherits the base class,all the public members of the base class also becomes private for the derived class and the objects of the derived class cannot access the public members of the base class.

4.Explain the types of Inheritance.

The five types of inheritance are as follows:

1.Single Inheritance

2. Multiple Inheritance

3. Multilevel Inheritance

4. Hierarchial Inheritance

5. Hybrid Inheritance.

5.What is Single Inheritance?

A derived class with only one base class is called as Single Inheritance.

Base

                                                                                               

 

 

6.What is the syntax for Multiple Inheritance?

Class Subclass : access_specifier Base1,access_specifier Base2

            Baseclass_n

           {

            Members of the derived class;

            };

7. What is hybrid inheritance?

It is the combination of one or more types of inheritance.

·         Multilevel inheritance

·         Multipleinheritance

The class result will have both the multilevel and multiple inheritances.

8. What is multilevel inheritance?

If a class is derived from a class. Which in turn is derived from another class is called multilevel inheritance. This process can be extended to any number of levels.

Eg: Base class Grand father , Intermediate , Base class Father , Derived class Child

      9.List out the features of Inheritance.

·         Reusuability

·         Saves time and effort

·         Increases program structure which results in greater reliability

·         Polymorphism.

10.What are the exceptions in Inheritance?

·         Constructor and Destructor of a base class are not inherited.

·         Assignment operator is not Inherited.

·         Friend functions and friend classes of the base class are also not inherited.

11. Write short notes on virtual base class.

A base class that is qualified as virtual in the inheritance definition. In case of multiple  inheritance, if the base class is not virtual the derived class will inherit more than one copy of members of the base class. For a virtual base class only one copy of members will be inherited regardless of number of inheritance paths between base class and derived class.

Eg: Processing of students‟ results. Assume that class sports derive the roll number from class student. Class test is derived from class Student. Class result is derived from class Test and sports. As a virtual base class As a virtual base class.

      12.What are pointers?

Pointer is an derived data type that refers to another data variable by storing the memory address rather than data.

      13.Explain about pointer to objects.

           Pointer to objects are used to create objects at run time. It is also used to access the      public members of an object.

      14.What is Hierarchical Inheritance?

If a number of classes are derived from a Single base class, it is called as Hierarchial Inheritance.

Base1

 

                                           

 

15.What are the Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic?

               i)  A Pointer can be incremented(++) or decremented(--)

              ii)  Any integer can be added or subtracted from a Pointer

             iii)  One Pointer can be subtracted from the other.

16.What is an Virtual Function?

             When the same function name is used in the bese and derived classes,the function in base class is derived as virtual using the keyword virtual preceding its normal declaration.

17. Write some of the basic rules for virtual functions?

Virtual functions must be member of some class. They cannot be static members and they are accessed by using object pointers

Virtual function in a base class must be defined. Prototypes of base class version of a virtual function and all the derived class versions must be identical. If a virtual function is defined in the base class, it need not be redefined in the derived class.

18. What are pure virtual functions? Write the syntax.

A pure virtual function is a function declared in a base class that has no definition relative to the base class. In such cases, thecompiler requires each derived class to either define the function or redeclare it as a pure virtual function.

A class containing pure virtual functions cannot be used to declare any object of its own. It is also known as “donothing” function.

The “do-nothing” function is defined as follows:

virtual void display ( ) =0;

19.What is an template?

       A template is an concept which enables us to define generic classes and functions which provides support for generic programming. It is used to create a family of class and functions.

20.What are function templates?

            Function templates are special functions that can operate with generic types.function    templates are those functions which can handle different data types without separate code for each of them.                                                                        

21.What are C++ Streams?

The C++ language offers a mechanism, which permits the creation of an extensible and consistent input-output system in the form of streams library. It is a collection of classes and objects which can be used to build a powerful system or it can be modified and extended to handle user defined data types .

22.What is an throw point?

      The point  at which the throw is executed is called as throw point. once an exception is thrown to the catch block ,control cannot return to the throw point.

23.Can we overlaod template function if so explain how.

      Yes, a template function can be overloaded either by template functions or ordinary functions of its name. in such cases, the overloading resolution is accomplished as follows:  

·         Call an ordinary function that has an exact match.

·         Call a template function that could be created with an exact match.

·         Try normal overloading resolution to ordinary functions and call the one that matches.

      24. Give the syntax of exception handling mechanism.

The syntax of exception handling mechanism is as follows:

try

{

---------------------

throw exception

---------------------

}

catch(type arguments)

{

---------------------

---------------------

}

       25.Explain how pointer manipulation is done.

Pointer is manipulated using the indirection operator “*” which is known as dereference operator. The dereference operator is used to access the data variable content indirectly.

      26.Explain about This Pointer.

The This pointer is used as a pointer to the class object instance by the member function.the address of the class instance is passed as an implicit parameter to the member functions.

       27. Explain pointer to Functios.

Pointer to functions (or) callback functions are pointers which point to the address of the function.

·         It is used to select a function dynamically at run time.

·         Function is passed as an argument to another function.

·         Cannot be dereferenced.

       28. List out the ios format function.

The ios format functions are as follows:

• width()

• precision()

• fill()

• setf()

• unsetf()

       29.  List the manipulators.

The manipulators are:

• setw()

• setprecision()

• setfill()

• setiosflags()

• resetiosflags()

       30. What is a virtual base class?

When a class is declared as virtual c++ takes care to see that only copy of that class is  inherited, regardless of how many inheritance paths exist between the virtual base class and a derived class.

       31. List the predefined console streams.

·         cin - standard input

·         cout - standard output

·         cerr - standard error output

·         clog - fully buffered version of cerr

32. Give the usage of ios class.

   The ios class provides operations common to both input and output. It contains

pointer to a buffer object. It has constants and member functions that are useful in handling formatted  I/O operations. Following are the derived classes of ios class,

·         istream - input stream

·         ostream - output stream

·         iostream - input-output stream.

33. What are the types of formatted console i/o operations?

·         ios stream class member functions and class

·         standard manipulators

·         userdefined manipulators.

34. Give the flag value and bit field for (a) Left justified output and (b) Decimal conversion.

                          Flag value                                              Bit field

             (a) Left justified output ios::left                   ios::adjustfield

             (b) Decimal conversion ios::dec                   ios::basefield

35. What are the types of manipulators? Give example.

             Two types of manipulators are available in C++.

·         Parameterized manipulators

Eg: setw(int width) - sets the field width

setprecision(int prec) - sets the floating point precision

·         Non-parameterized manipulator

Eg: dec - sets the conversion base to 10

·         Endl - outputs a new line and flushes stream

36.Explain the Throwing mechanism.

When an exception is detected ,it is thrown using the throw statement using the following forms

Throw(exception);

Throw exception;

Throw;       //used for rethrowing exception

37.Explain about the catching mechanism.

A catch block for handling the exceptions will be in the following form

Catch(type arg)

{

               // statements for managing exceptions

}

·         Type-type of exception that catches block handles.

·         Arg-an optional parameter name.

38. What is a custom manipulator? Give its syntax.

Designing of customized manipulators to control the appearance of the output is referred  as custom manipulator.

Syntax:

ostream & manipulator(ostream & output, arguments_if_any)

{

// manipulator code

return output;

}

39. Write a note on File.

      A file is a collection of related information normally representing programs, both source and object forms and data. Data may be numeric, alphabetic or alphanumeric. A file can also be defined as a sequence of bits, bytes, lines or records whose meaning is defined by the programmer. Operations such as create, open, read, write and close are performed on files.

40. Define ifstream & fstream.

ifstream:

It is used for handling input files. It contains open() with default input mode and inherits get(), getline(), read(), seekg(), tellg() functions from istream.

fstream:

Used for handling files on which both i/o operations can be performed. It supports

simultaneous i/o operations. It contains open() with default input mode and inherits all the functions from istream and ostream classes through iostream.

41. Give the prototypes of file stream class constructors.

·         ifstream class constructor

            ifstream(const char *path, int mode=ios::in, int prot=filebuf::openprot);

·         ofstream class constructor ofstream(const char *path, int mode=ios::out int     prot=filebuf::openprot);

·         fstream class constructor fstream(const char *path, int mode=ios::in/ios::out, int prot=filebuf::openprot);

42. List any four file modes and their purpose

·         ios::in - open for reading

·         ios::ate - seek to the end of file at opening time

·         ios::nocreate - open fails if file does not exist

·         ios::binary - opens a binary file

43. what are File Pointers?

Each file has associated with two file pointers.

·         Input pointer (or) get pointer.

·         Output pointer (or) put pointer.

44. List the file pointer control functions.

seekg() - moves get file pointer to a specific location

seekp() - moves put file pointer to a specific location

tellg() - returns the current position of the get pointer

tellp() - returns the current position of the put pointer

45. What are the types of file accessing?

Sequential access

This type of file is to be accessed sequentially that is to access a particular data all the preceding data items have to be read and discarded.

Random access

This type of file allows access to the specific data directly without accessing its preceding data items

46. Give any two error handling functions and their purpose

a) eof() - TRUE(nonzero) if eof encountered while reading; otherwise FALSE(zero)

b) rdstate() - returns the status state data member of the class ios

47. Define fault avoidance and fault tolerance

Fault avoidance:

It deals with the prevention of fault occurrence by construction. It emphasizes on

techniques to be applied during system development that ensures the system satisfies all

reliability criteria

Fault tolerance:

This deals with the method of providing services complying with the specification in spite of false occurring by redundancy.

 48.  What is exception handling? How it is classified?

The error handling mechanism of C++ is referred to as exception handling. Exception

refers to some unexpected condition in a program. It is classified as synchronous and

asynchronous exception.

Synchronous exception:

The exceptions, which occur during the program execution, due to some fault in input

data, within the program, is known as Synchronous exception.

Asynchronous exception:

The exceptions caused by events or a fault unrelated to the program and beyond the control of the program is known as asynchronous exception.

49.Explain the Rethrowing mechanism in exception handling.

The handler invokes the following throw statement without any arguments to rethrow the exception caught without processing it.

Throw;

This causes the current exception to be thrown to the next enclosing try/catch sequence and is caught by a catch statement listed after that enclosing try block.

50. Define the exception handling constructs.

a) try

This keyword defines a boundary within which an exception can occur. A block of code in which an exception may occur must be prefixed by this keyword.

b) throw

Throw is used to raise an exception when an error is generated in the computation. It initializes a temporary object to be used in throw.

c) catch

This keyword represents exception handler. It must be compulsorily used

immediately after the statements marked by try keyword. It can also occur immediately after

catch keyword. Each handler will only evaluate an exception that matches or can be converted to the type specified in the argument list

51. What are the tasks to be performed by error handling code?

a)  Hit the exception - detect the problem causing exception

b)  Throw the exception - inform that an error has occurred

c)  Catch the exception - receive the error information

d)  Handle the exceptions - take corrective actions

52. List the functions for handling uncaught exceptions.

terminate() - it is invoked when an exception is raised and the handler is not found.

set_terminate() - allows the user to install a function that defines the program‟s actions to be taken to terminate the program when a handler for the  exception cannot be found.

unexpected() - this function is called when a function throws an exception not listed in its exception specification.

set_unexpected() - it allows the user to install a function that defines the program‟s actions to be taken when a function throws an exception not listed in its exception specification.

Part-B

1)   What is Single Inheritance? Explain it with an example.                                                (16) 2)  Describe the syntax of multiple inheritance. When do we use such an Inheritance?      (16) 3)   (i)  What is a file mode? Describe the various file mode options available.                      (8)

      (ii) What is an exception? How is an exception handled in C++?                                      (8)

 4)   (i)  Differentiate inheritance from polymorphism.                                                            (6)
      (ii) Write a C++ program to illustrate the concept of hierarchical inheritance.               (10)
5)   (i)  What is the use of template? Write an overloaded function template called max( ),which                                          will find the maximum of any two given integers.                                                                    (8)
      (ii) Explain the exception handling mechanism of C++ in detail.                                      (8)
6)   (i)  Discuss virtual function and polymorphism with example.                                          (8)

      (ii) What is an Template? Explain Class Templates with multiple parameters.               (8)

7)   Explain the various types of Inheritance with suitable example program.                      (16)

8)  What are the virtual functions? Explain their needs using a suitable example. What are the

      rules associated with virtual functions?                                                                              (16)

9)  What are the different forms of inheritance supported in c++? Discuss on the visibility  of

      base class   members in privately and publicly inherited classes.                                     (16)

10) (i)  Explain in detail about pointers.                                                                                    (8)

      (ii) Explain about Exceptions Handlers and Standard Exceptions.                                   (8)

11) Explain multiple catch statement with help of suitable C++ coding.                                (16)

12) Explain about Template and its types with example.                                                         (16)

13) (i)  Discuss about Streams and stream classes.                                                                   (8)

      (ii) Give the differences between Manipulators and ios Functions.                                    (8)

14) Write notes on Formatted and Unformatted Console I/O Operations.                              (16)

15) Explain about File Pointers and Manipulations with example.                                         (16)

16) Discuss about manipulators and file streams with Program.                                            (16)

17) Write on Details about File modes and File I/O.                                                                 (16)

18) Write notes on Formatted and Unformatted Console I/O Operations.                              (16)

19) Explain about File Pointers and their manipulations with example.                                (16)

20) How can we determine errors while dealing with files.                                                      (16)

EC-I question bank

Part – A (2 marks)

1. What are the transistor parameters that vary with the temperature? ß,ICO,VBeo are the parameters varying with the temperature.

2. What is Bias? What is the need for biasing?

The proper flow of zero signal collector current and the maintenance of proper collector emitter voltage during the passage of signal is know as transistor biasing.

When a transistor is biased properly, it works efficiently and produces no distortion in the output signal and thus operating point can be maintained stable.

3. What do you understand by DC & AC load line?

     DC Load Line

It is the line on the output characteristics of a transistor circuit which gives the values of Ic & Vce corresponding to zero signal (or) DC Conditions.

AC Load Line

This is the line on the output characteristics of a transistor circuit which gives the values of Ic & Vce when signal is applied.

4. What is the meant by operating point Q?

The zero signal values of Ic & Vce are known as operating point. It is also called so because the variations of Ic and Vce take place about this point, when the signal is applied.

5. What are the types of biasing?

The different types of biasing are

      (i) Fixed bias

(ii)Collector to Base bias (or) Feedback bias (iii)      Self bias (or) Voltage divider bias

6. What are all the factors that affect the stability of the operating point? The following are the factors that affect the stability of the operating point,

a. Change of due to replacement of transistors. b.  Thermal variations

7. Define stability factor ‘S’?

The stability factor is defined as the rate of change of collector current Ic with respect to the reverse saturation collector current Ico, keeping ‘Vbe’ and ‘ß ’ constant

8. What are the disadvantages of collector feedback bias? The disadvantages of feedback bias are

a. The collector current is high.

b. If AC signal voltage gain feedback into the resistor Re, it will reduce the gain of the amplifier.

9. Why voltage divider bias is commonly used in amplifier circuit? The voltage divider bias has the following advantages

a. the operating point will be in stable position. b. The stability will be considerably improved.

c. Ic can be reduced to the collector leakage current ICO.

10. Define the stability factors S’ and S’’ ?

The Stability factor S’ is defined as the rate of change of Ic with VBE keeping ICO and constant.

 

The Stability factor S’’ is defined as the rate of change of Ic with keeping VBE and ICO constant.

11. Give the stability factor S for the fixed bias circuit. The stability factor for the fixed bias circuit is,

12. Give the stability factor S for the Collector to base bias circuit. The stability factor for the Collector to base bias circuit is,

13. Give the stability factor S for the Voltage divider bias circuit.

          The stability factor for the Voltage divider bias circuit is,

14. Why fixed bias circuit is not used in practice?

The stability of the fixed bias circuit is very less. Since the stability factor S = 1+ ß, is a large quantity, therefore stability is less. So, it is not used in amplifier circuits.

15. What are all the compensation techniques used for bias stability?

Along with the negative feedback, the following techniques are used for the Q point stability.

a. Diode compensation,

b. Thermistor compensation,

c. Sensistor compensation.

16. Why the input impedance of FET is more than that of a BJT?

The input impendence of FET is more than that of a BJT because the input circuit of FET is reverse biased whereas the input circuit of BJT is forward biased.

17. How FET is known as Voltage variable resistor?

In the region before pinch off, where VDS is small, the drain to source resistance rd can be controlled by the bias voltage VGS. Therefore FET is useful as voltage variable resistor (VVR) or Voltage dependent Resistor (VDR)

18. List the advantages of Fixed bias method?

           The advantages of fixed bias method are,

a. The stability of the operating point is greatly improved when compared with the other circuits.

b. Less cost and simple circuit.

19. How self-bias circuit is used as constant current source?

In the self bias circuit if Ic tends to increase because of ICO has increasing as a result of temperature, the current in RE increases. As consequences of the increase in voltage drop across RE that provides negative feedback, the base current is decreased. Hence constant IC value is maintained in the self bias circuit

20. What is Thermal runaway?

The continuous increase in collector current due to poor biasing cause the temperature at collector terminal to increase. If no stabilization is done, the collector leakage current also increases. This further increases the temperature. This action becomes cumulative and ultimately the transistor burns out. The self destruction of an unstabilised transistor is known as thermal runaway.

21. What are the consideration factors that are used for the selection of an  

       operating point for an FET amplifier?

The consideration factors are,

a. Output voltage swing,

b. Distortion,

c. Power dissipation,

d. Voltage gain,

e. Drift (or) Drain current.

22. Write the different types of FET biasing circuits.

            The FET biasing circuits are classified as,

a. Gate bias,

b. Self bias

c. Voltage dividerbias, d. Current source bias e. Drain feedback bias f. Zero bias.

23. What is meant by stabilization?

The maintenance of the operating point fixed stable is known as stabilization.

24. What is variation of quiescent point?

           It is clear that the biasing circuit should be designed to fix the operating point or q     

           point at the active region. but only fixing of the operating point is not sufficient.

 25. Define bias stability.

         While designing the biasing circuit care should be taken so that the operating  point  

         wills not an undesirable region. designing the biasing circuits to stabilize the q point   

         is know as bias stability.

26. What is meant by compensation techniques?

        Compensation techniques refer to the use of temperature sensitive devices such as

        diodes, transistors, etc., which provide compensating voltage and currents to maintain

        the operating point stable.

27. What are the requirements of biasing circuit?

       1. The emitter base junction must be forward biased and collector base junction must

            be reversing biased. the transistor should be operated in the middle of the active  

            region or operation point should be fixed at the centre of the active region.

       2. The circuit design should provide a degree of temperature stability.

       3. The operating point should be made independent of the transistor parameters( such   

           as β).

28. What is the advantage of using emitter resistance in the context of biasing?

       To improve the stability of the biasing circuit over the fixed bias circuit, the emitter

       resistance is connected in the biasing circuit is known as emitter bias circuit.

29. What is the condition for thermal stability?

        The thermal runway may even burn and destroy the transistor it is necessary to avoid   

        thermal runway. the required condition to avoid thermal runway is that the rate at

        which heat is released at the collector junction must not exceed the rate at which the

        heat can be dissipated.

30. What is thermal resistance?

      The steady state temperature rise at the collector junction is proportional to the power

      dissipated at the junction.

                              ðT = Tj-T_A =ǿ P_D,   ǿ = Tj - T_A / P_D

31. What is bias compensation using thermistor?

       It has a negative temperature coefficient its resistance decreases exponentially with

       increasing temperature.

32. Why thermal runway is not there in FET?

The FET has a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity. in FET as temperature  increases its drain resistance also increases, reducing the drain current thus, unlike BJT, thermal runway does not occur with FET.

33. How can collector current be stabilized with respect to ICO variation?

Diode compensation technique commonly used for stabilizing germanium transistors.    it offers stabilization against variation in ICO.

34. Why do you fix the operating point in the middle of the load line?

When transistor is used as an amplifier the Q point should be selected at the center of the d.c load line to prevent any possible distortion in the amplified output signal.

35. How can procedure to obtain stability factors for various biasing circuits is

       1. obtain the expression for IB.

       2. obtain ð IB/ ð IC and use it in equation 5 to get S.

       3. In standard equation of ic, replace IB in terms of VBE to get S’

       4. Differentiate the equcation obtained in step 3 with respect  to β to get s’’

36. Define DC Load Line.

It is the line on the output characteristics of a transistor circuit which gives the values of Ic & Vce corresponding to zero signal (or) DC Conditions.

37. Define stability improvement.

            The addition of the emitter resistance,RE , in the emitter bias circuit provides   improved stability that is the d.c bias currents and voltages remain closer to where they were set by the circuit against the changes in temperature and transistor β.

38. Why the input impedance of FET is more than that of a BJT?

The input impendence of FET is more than that of a BJT because the input circuit of FET is reverse biased whereas the input circuit of BJT is forward biased.

39. How FET is known as Voltage variable resistor?

In the region before pinch off, where VDS is small, the drain to source resistance rd can be controlled by the bias voltage VGS. Therefore FET is useful as voltage variable resistor (VVR) or Voltage dependent Resistor (VDR)

40. List the advantages of Fixed bias method?

            The advantages of fixed bias method are,

a. The stability of the operating point is greatly improved when compared with the other circuits.

b. Less cost and simple circuit.

41. How self-bias circuit is used as constant current source?

In the self bias circuit if Ic tends to increase because of ICO has increasing as a result of temperature, the current in RE increases. As consequences of the increase in voltage drop across RE that provides negative feedback, the base current is decreased. Hence constant IC value is maintained in the self bias circuit.

42. What is miscellaneous bias configuration?

         We will see the biasing configuration which do not match with the basic 

          biasing configuration.

43. Comparison of basic biasing circuits.

      The collector to fixed bias provides  more stabitity than the fixed bias circuit.

       Voltage divider bias provides the greatest stability against hFE variations.

44. What is the advantage of using emitter resistance in the context of biasing?

       To improve the stability of the biasing circuit over the fixed bias circuit, the emitter

       resistance is connected in the biasing circuit is known as emitter bias circuit.

45. What is the condition for thermal stability?

        The thermal runway may even burn and destroy the transistor it is necessary to avoid   

        thermal runway. the required condition to avoid thermal runway is that the rate at

        which heat is released at the collector junction must not exceed the rate at which the

        heat can be dissipated.

46. What is thermal resistance?

      The steady state temperature rise at the collector junction is proportional to the power

      dissipated at the junction.

47. Define AC Load Line

This is the line on the output characteristics of a transistor circuit which gives the values of Ic & Vce when signal is applied.

48. Why do you fix the operating point in the middle of the load line?

 When transistor is used as an amplifier the Q point should be selected at the center of the d.c load line to prevent any possible distortion in the amplified output signal.

49. What are the different types of biasing circuits for FET?

                1. Fixed bias circuit

                 2. Self bias circuit

                 3. Voltage divider bias circuit

50. Explain use of JFET as a VVR or VDR.

       In this region the FET is useful as a voltage controlled resister the drain to source   resistance is controlled by the bias voltage vgs. the operation of FET in this region is useful in most linear applications of FET. in such an application the FET is also referred to as a voltage variable resistor(VVR) or voltage dependent resistor(VDR)

     

PART – B (16 marks & 8 marks)

1. Discuss the various techniques of stabilization of Q- point in a transistor.             (16)
2. How is a JFET used as a voltage variable resistance? Explain.             (Nov/Dec 2007)    (May/ Jun 2007)                                                                                                          (16)
3. Prove that collector to base bias is better than fixed bias.                                          (8)
4. Derive equation for the three stability factors.                           (May/Jun 2007)   (8)
5. What is dc load line? How will you select the operation point? Explain it using CB amplifier characteristics as an example.                                            (Nov/Dec 2006) (16)
6. Explain the voltage divider bias circuit for n-channel JFET gives its dc analysis. What is need for biasing BJT?                                                   (Nov/Dec 2006) (16)
7. What is need for biasing? Explain the different types of biasing circuits.                                                                                                                              (Nov/Dec 2006)   (8)
8. Prove that self bias is better bias compared to collector to base bias.                        (8)
9. Describe the stability in fixed bias and self bias and compare their performance.

                                                                                                            (May/Jun 2007) (16)

10. Describe how ac and dc load line are drawn.                                                               (8)
11. Explain constant current biasing used in JFET amplifier.         (May/Jun 2006) (8)
12. How is DC and AC load lines drawn on the output characteristic curves of an amplifier? Sketch them and discuss.                                          (May/Jun 2006)(16)
13. Explain about thermistor and diode compensation technique with neat circuit diagram.                                                   (Nov/Dec 2006) (Nov/Dec 2011)          (16)
14. With circuit diagram explain biasing of FET and MOSFET.      (Nov/Dec 2007) (8)  
15. Draw and explain the transistor load lines, Q point and its variation with various factors.                                                                                               (Nov/Dec 2011) (16)
16. Define three stability factors. Derive and explain the condition to avoid thermal runaway.                                                                                              (Apr/May 2011) (16)
17. Draw and explain voltage divider bias using FET and derive for its stability factors. Also mention its advantages.                                                          (Apr/May 2011) (16)
18. Why biasing is necessary in BJT amplifier and Explain the concept of DC load line with neat diagram.                                                                                 (Nov/Dec 2007) (16)
19. Explain self bias circuit using n-channel JFET.                          (Nov/Dec 2006)  (8)
20. Carry out the bias stability analysis for the voltage divider bias of BJT and hence determine the stability factors.                                                        (Nov/Dec 2007) (16)